★Present perfect and past simple

★ Present perfect and past simple ★

Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key.
This means that he doesn't have his key now.

*Ten minutes later
Now Tom has found his key. He has it now. Has he lost his key? No, he has found it.
Did he lose his key? Yes, he did.
He lost his key (past simple)
but now he has found it. (present perfect)

☆★☆
The present perfect (something has happened) is a present tense. It always tells us about the situation now.. 'Tom has lost his key' = he doesn't have his key now.

☆★☆
The past simple (something happened) tells us only about the past. If somebody says 'Tom lost his key', this doesn't tell us whether he has the key now or not. It tells us only that he lost his key at some time in the past.

☆★☆
Compare

☆They've gone away. They'll be back on Friday. (They are away now)
★ They went away, but I think they're back at home now. (not They've gone)

☆ It has stopped raining now, so we don't need the umbrella. (It isn't raining now)
★ It stopped raining for a while, but now it's raining again. (not It has stopped)

☆★☆★☆★

→Use the present perfect for new or recent happenings:

☆'I've repaired the washing machine. It's working OK now.' 'Oh, that's good.'

☆'Sally has had a baby! It's a boy.' 'Thats's a great news.'

→Usually, you can also use the past simple:

☆I repaired the washing machine. It's working OK now.

→Use the past simple (not the present perfect) for things that are not recent or new:

☆ Mozart was a composer. He wrote more than 600 pieces of music. (not has been... has written)

☆My mother grew up in Italy  (not has grown)

☆★☆★☆★

Formation: 

Subject + has/have + past participle ⇾ PRESENT PERFECT

Subjetc + verb in past form ⇾ PAST SIMPLE 

★ When...? and How long...?

Compare:
→When ...? (+ past simple) and 
→How long ...? (+ present perfect) :

☆Q: When did it start raining?
★A: It started raining an hour ago / at 1 o'clock 

☆Q: How long has it been raining?
★A: It's been raining for an hour / since 1 o'clock        
            
☆Q: When did Joe and Carol first meet?
★A: They first met { a long time ago. / when they were at school. 

☆Q: How long have they known each other?
★A: They've known each other ｛ for a long time / since they were at school.

☆Q: How long has Kate been learning Japanese?
★A: She has been learning Japanese for two years.

☆Q: When did Kate start learning Japanese?
★A: She started learning Japanese in 2015. 

☆Q: How long have you known Simon?
★A: I have known him since we were kids.

☆Q: When did you and Simon first meet?
★A: I met him when we were in kindergarten. 

☆Q: How long have Rebecca and David been married?
★A: They've been married for a long time.

☆Q: When did Rebecca and David marry?
★A: They married a long time ago. 

★For and since

We use for and since to say how long something has been happening.

☆★☆
For + a period of time ( two hours, six weeks, etc.):

☆I've been waiting for two hours.

       Two hours ago →now

Used when we measure the duration of something or how long it last.

for → two hours / 20 minutes /five days /a long time /six months /50 years /a week
ages /years

☆Sally has been working here for six months.(not since six months)

☆I haven't seen Tom for three days.
☆Paul has lived in Brazil for ten years.
☆I'm tired of waiting. We've been sitting here for an hour.
☆I haven't been to a party for ages.
☆The weather is dry. It hasn't rained for a few weeks.
☆We have been married for 10 years.
☆He has been playing for three hours.

☆★☆
It is possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences):

☆They've been married (for) ten years. (With or without for)

☆They haven't had a holiday for ten years. (You must use *for )

☆★☆ 

We do not use for + all ... (all-day / all my life etc):

☆I've lived here all my life  (not for all my life)

☆★☆

You can use in instead of for in negative sentences (I haven't... etc.):

☆They haven't had a holiday in ten years (= for ten years)

☆★☆☆★☆

Since + the start of a period (8 o'clock, Monday, 1999 etc.):

from that point in time until the present

☆I've been waiting since 8 o'clock.

8 o'clock → now

since → 8 o'clock /Monday /12 May /April /2001 /Christmas /lunchtime /we arrived /

I got up

☆Sally has been working here since April (=from April until now)

☆I haven't seen Tom since Monday.
☆It's been raining since lunchtime.
☆Sarah has lived in Paris since 1995.

☆I wonder where Joe is. I haven't seen him since last week.
☆I have been working here since 2011.
☆Jana is away. She's been away since Friday.
☆Kevin has been looking for a job since he left school.

JLPT N2 Vocabulario / Vocabulary - 1

☆人種　じんしゅ races / razas

この国にはいろいろな人種の人々が住んでいる。
There are people of all different races living in this country.

Hay personas de todas las diferentes razas viviendo en este país.

★人種差別　じんしゅさべつ　racial discrimination / discriminación racial.

人種作別は深刻（しんこく）な問題だ。

Racial discrimination is a serial problem.

La discriminación racial es un problema serio.  

☆ルーツ roots / raíces, orígenes

＝祖先　

先生は日本人のルーツについて研究している。
My teacher is researching the roots of the Japanese people.

Mi profesor está investigando las raíces / el origen de la gente Japonesa.

☆祖先　そせん ancestor / ancestros 　

うちの祖先は京都に住んでいた。

My ancestors lived in Kyoto.

Mis ancestros vivieron en Kyoto.

うちの祖先は武士（ぶし）だったらしい。
It seems that my ancestors were warriors.
Parece que mis ancestros fueron guerreros.

人類（しんるい）の祖先は猿なのか?

Are monkeys the ancestors of humans?

Son los monos los ancestros de la humanidad?

☆子孫　しそん offspring / descendencia

動物は本能（ほんのう）で子孫を残そうとする。

Animals’ instincts drive them to leave offspring.

Los instintos animales son lo que los llevan a dejar descendencia.

子孫繁栄（はんえい）を願ってお参りをする

I go to a shrine to pray for my posterity.

Rezar pidiendo por la prosperidad.

☆世代　せだい generation / generación
＝年代　（ねんだい）

世代が違うと、考え方も異なる。

Different generations think in different ways.
Las distintas generaciones piensan en formas diferentes.

我が家は三世代一緒に住んでいる。

In our house three generations are living together.

En nuestra casa viven tres generaciones juntas.

若い人と話していると、世代の差を感じる。 Cuando hablo con alguien joven noto la diferencia de generaciones.

☆年代　ねんだい age / edad
＝世代

同じ年代の人と話しやすい。

It’s easy talking with people of the same age.

Es fácil hablar con gente de la misma edad.

部長は父と同年代だろう。

I think that my boss and my father are the same age.

Creo que mi jefe y mi papá tienen la misma edad.

☆知人　ちじん acquaintance / conocido 　

私は知人にお金を貸した。
I lent money to an acquaintance.

Le preste dinero a un conocido.

☆親戚　しんせき relative / familiar 5-8

正月は親戚がうちに集まる。

My relatives get together for New Year’s.

Mis familiares se reúnen en año nuevo.

☆亭主　ていしゅ husband / esposo

＝夫（おっと）、主人（しゅじん）

うちの亭主は毎晩、帰りが遅い。
My husband gets home late every night.
Mi marido llega todas las noches tarde a casa.

☆夫妻　ふさい Mr. and Mrs. /  Sr. y Sra.

田中夫妻はパーティーに参加した。
Mr. and Mrs. Tanaka came to the party.

El Sr. y la Sra. Tanaka vinieron a la fiesta.

☆成年　せいねん age / edad

未成年（みせいねん） underage / menor de edad

息子はまだ成年に達（たっ）していない。
My son is not yet of age.
Mi hijo todavía no es de edad.

☆若者　わかもの young people / gente joven

このブランドは若者向けです。
This brand is targeted at young people.

Esta marca está dirigida a personas jóvenes.

☆幼児　ようじ toddler  / bebe mayor (uno o dos años)
乳幼児 （にゅうようじ）small child / niño pequeño

幼児は交通事故に遭いやすい。
Toddlers are liable to wander into traffic incidents.

Los bebés mayores están expuestos a sufrir incidentes de tráfico.

☆乳児 にゅうじ 　baby / bebe
乳幼児 （にゅうようじ）small child / niño pequeño

乳児はよく寝る。
Babies sleep a lot.

Los bebés duermen mucho.

☆年輩　ねんぱい elderly person / persona mayor

あの歌手は、年輩の女性に人気がある。

This singer is popular with elderly women.

Este cantante es popular entre las mujeres mayores.

☆第三者　だいさんしゃ third party / tercera parte

悩みがあるので、第三者の意見を聞いてみた。
I got a third party’s opinion on something that is bothering me.

Pedí la opinión de una tercera persona con algo que me estaba preocupando.

～に限らず

★～だけでなく　

no está limitado a ～

not limited to ～

☆この記念館（きねんかん）は、休日に限らず一年中入館者（にゅうかんしゃ）が多い。

Este museo está lleno de visitantes no solo los días feriados si no que durante todo el año.

This museum is full of visitors, not just on days off, but all year round.

☆うちに限らず近所の住民はみんな夜中のバイクの音に悩まされている。
No solo en mi casa, si no que a todos los vecinos del barrio les molesta el ruido de la moto en medio de la noche.
Not just in my house, all the neighbors in the neighborhood are annoyed by the motorbike noise in the middle of the night.

☆近年、地方（ちほう）の町に限らず大都会でも書店（しょてん）の閉店（へいてん）が相次（あいつ）いでいる。

En los últimos años, no solo en este distrito, sino que en todas las grandes ciudades han estado cerrando los negocios de libros.

In the recent years, not just in this district in all big towns, bookshops have been closing one by one.

☆日曜日に限らず、休みの日はいつも、家族と運動をしに出かけます。
Voy con mi familia no sólo los domingos, si no que en todos mis días libres.
I go with my family to exercise not just in Sundays but on all my days off.

★★Ｎ＋に限らず

「～だけでなく、～が属（ぞく）するグループの中の全部に当てはまる」と言いたいときに使う。

Significa que algo no es solo N, o que algo pertenece a cierto grupo.

Means “not only N” or that something pertains to everything in a certain group.